Final Reports

Aluminum Milk Churns for Fudi Village Women Project Manager: Samtsogye (Whitney) Buy 30 Aluminum milk churns replace the wooden Osow. With an aluminum milk churn, the local women can increase their income by about 400 RMB per year. This project also lightens their work burden by removing the social stigma associated with men churning butter using an Osow. Funds needed: $ 1,573   ( 12,500 rmb) The Shambala Connection funded this project

Samtsogye is from Xiahe County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, China. She graduated in 2006 with an Associated degree in English from Qinghai Normal University Nationalities Department's English Training Program. She is now working as a program director and core staff member of Shem Women's Group.
View photos of project location
Read Samtsogye's life story

What? 31 aluminum milk churns for Wadi Village and Fudi Village.
Who? The people of (1) Fudi Village, Labrang Township, Xiahe County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Gansu Province. (2) Wadi Village, Ganjia Township, Xiahe County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province.

Photos of project implementation:

This is a truck full of the 31 aluminum milk churns. The milk churns were purchased in Xiahe County.

This is the Xing Xing Aluminum Milk Churn Company in Xiahe and the company's head seller Mrs. Ma.

This is Fudi Village in late autumn. These villagers have a very busy life. They have to move with the seasons, and thus must move their homes four times each year. It is 10 kilometers from Fudi Village's autumn pasture to the village. The villagers have no choice but to travel that distance on foot. In particular, women must carry milk from the autumn pasture to Fudi village, which is very far away.

 
These are sheep near Fudi Village's grazing land.

Wadi Village's two leaders Gonbao and Zhaxi discuss with other villagers how to thank the donors. They also speak about how helpful the milk churns have been to them and how they work.

 
The home of an aluminum milk churn recipient. Women head this family. They live in poor conditions, yet they send their four children to school .

A woman named Zhuoma is placing her fingerprint on the project manager's form to show that she has received the aluminum milk churn.

 
The recipients are listening to instructions on how to use the aluminum milk churns. They also expressed their gratitude to the donors.

This elderly man, Drojie, is childless. He is receiving a written warrantee ensuring that the company will fix or exchange his aluminum milk churn if it breaks within the first year.

This middle-aged man has three children, and two of them are going to school. Their tuition puts a huge burden on the family. This man's left leg was cut off ten years ago due to a riding accident. He was riding his horse and the horse jumped into a big valley.

 
This is a picture of myself and some of the milk churn recipients. They want to express their gratitude to the donors and remember this great occasion for a long time .

 
The people of Wadi Village are taking the aluminum milk churns back to their homes.

 
This old woman is 70 years old. She is living with her daughter and her great grandson who is only 7 and going to primary school

 
I am explaining that this warrantee is important and the villagers should not lose it. If their churns have some problem within the first year, they can go to Xiahe Xing Xing Aluminum Milk Churns to fix them.

 
The villagers of Wadi usually ride on yaks to go to their distant grazing land. Sometimes they ride yaks to go to the nearby township to go shopping.

Project summary:
Project title : Aluminum Milk Churns and Income Generation for the Women of Fudi Village
Project goals: buy 30 Aluminum milk churns and increase Fudi women's income , r educe their labor, thereby increasing girl's school attendance and women and girl's overall quality of life.
Location of project : This project is located in Fudi Village and Wadi Village, in the east of Xiahe County (historically known as Lhabrang), Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Gansu Province. Xiahe is 278 kil ometers from Lan zhou, the provincial capital, and 290 kilometers from Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province.
Total beneficiaries: 500 people benefited from this project. Implementation organization/individua l: Samtsogye (Whitney), Zheta Jia and Wadi village 's leader and Shem Women's Group.
Contact Person : Michelle Kleisath
Funds received: Source, Amount, and Date Received
Shambala Connection gave 12,500 RMB on Friday, 1st of December 2006.

Details of project activities
Originally planned project activities:

1. Firstly, I met with the local families that have yaks and the cows, but they don't have an aluminum churn, I asked them what they need, and they said that they wanted the churns a lot.
2. Secondly, the entire village had a meeting where we all chose the 30 poorest families who are single mother headed families and the childless old couple headed families, and the families that have the yaks and cows and many family members, but are very poor. One representative from each family and the village leader said it was a good decision to give the churns to these families.
3. Thirdly, I contacted the Daji Churn Company in Xining, and I Bargained the price and discussed the transportation fee. The quality of their churns is very good. The salesman insured the churns for one year. (If it breaks within year the company will fix it).
4. I planned to collect the local contribution from each family.
5. I planned to ask one of the project managers, Zhou Te Jia, to accompany me to go to the nearest city---Xining to buy the30 aluminum churns.
6. I planned to divide the churns between the families
7. I planned to take photos and do interviews of the recipient families
8. Finally, I planned to write the final report.

Activities carried out during project implementation:

1. Funding from the Shambala Connection was received.
2. I met with Fudi Village's village leader and chose several families to be recipients of the churns. These families had yaks and cows, but no aluminum milk churns. I planned to choose 30 families in Fudi village, but it didn't work. This was because some families bought aluminum milk churns during the time that we were waiting for the project to be funded. In addition, 80% of villagers sold their cows and yaks during this period. A law that all people under the age of 25 must attend or have attended middle school, and under the age of 50 must attend or have attended primary school began to be enforced by the government recently. All of the younger people, who are generally responsible for herding and caring for cows and yaks, left the village to attend school. Thus, only the old people were left behind in the village, and because of this, 80% of the village's families sold their cows and yaks. Without cows and yaks, there is no need for milk churns. However, there were other nomadic villages that needed the milk churns very much.
3. Thus, we had to go through the process of choosing families once again. In the end, I decided to give the aluminum milk churns to the residents of two villages.
4. I contacted the Daji Churn Company in Xining. In the end, however, due to increases in gas prices, the company told me the charge for transportation from Xining to the two project villages would be over 500 RMB. In the project proposal, I only budgeted 500 RMB for transportation. Thus, in the end I decided to buy the milk churns from the Xing Xing Company in Xiahe, as their transportation costs were lower. Additionally, I thought buying the milk churns from a company in Xiahe will be more convenient for the project recipients, as travel to Xiahe for repairs or exchanges is easier for the villagers than travel to Xining.
5. I wrote this proposal last spring. At that time, each milk churn cost 600 RMB. This year each milk churn only cost 580 RMB. Thus, I could buy one extra aluminum milk churn. With 31 aluminum milk churns, I gave 12 to the newly chosen impoverished residents of Fudi village and 19 to the residents of Wadi village. Originally, I had planned to give all the milk churns to my home village, Fudi Village. When I was conducting preliminary interviews of the residents of my hometown, I met several Wadi villagers who told me of their difficulties of being without aluminum milk churns. Wadi Village is poorer than Fudi Village. At the time, however, I thought I would complete a project for Fudi Village and then afterwards try to do another project for Wadi Village. However, as a result of the fact that many of the Fudi villagers sold their yaks and cows, Fudi Village no longer needed as many aluminum milk churns as they had previously. Thus, I was able to distribute the milk churns to residents of both Fudi and Wadi village, and in fact distributed more to Wadi Village. I felt really happy to be able to fulfill the needs of both villages in this way.
6. I collected the local contribution from the residents of both villages.
7. I went to Xiahe County to buy the aluminum milk churns.
8. I distributed the churns to the residents of Wadi Village, which is 48 kilometers away from Xiahe.
9. I returned to Fudi Village to distribute the churns there.
10. I documented the names and thumbprints of all the recipients.
11. I t ook photos of the recipients.
12. I interviewed the local people (men, women and children).
13. I wrote the final report.
    14. I sent the final report with pictures.

Project Finances:
Actual budget realized in the framework of the project:

* In the original budget I planned to buy 30 churns. At that time is middle summer per churn costs 600rmb. When I received the funds, it is wintertime and the churn's price went down, per churn costs 580rmb. In this case, I can buy one more churn. So I bought 31 churns.

* When I was implementing the project, I was able to borrow a digital camera for taking the photos of implementing the project, but because my friend needed to leave and there was no any other way to copy the photos from the camera, so I had to go to the camera shop center and copied the photos and it cost 20rmb that I did not expect in the original proposal.

List of recipients:

Delays, Difficulties, and lessons learned

Delays
There was no delay in activities.

Difficulties
Although the village leaders and villagers chose the recipient families because they were the poorest families in Fudi village and Wadi village, those villagers who did not receive the aluminum milk churns complained. They argued about their own poverty to the project manager and the village leaders. Although they were very passionate in their arguments, the poorest recipient families had already been chosen because they needed more help than the others.

Finally, the project manager and the village leaders appeased the villagers by saying if any other opportunity was available to do more projects in the future, they may have a chance of benefiting according to their family conditions. Thus, in the end all of the villagers agreed that the chosen recipients should receive the aluminum milk churns.

Lessons learned
In order to solve problems and avoid confusion, it is very important to make everything very clear to all of the project participants.

The project manager must hold meetings and discuss the project thoroughly with all of the participants.

To make a project successful, it's also important for the project manager to buy good quality products, which we did. There are many aluminum milk churns of different qualities and prices, and the project manager should be acquainted with the goods.

For example, the project manager in this case researched churns before writing the proposal and figured out how to tell which churns were the most suitable according to price and quality.

Samtsogye bargained for the price of the churns and was thus able to buy one more churn than the original amount of 30. Samtsogye also made a contract with the seller. If the churns have problems within the first year the company will fix or exchange them.

Interviews

1) Jyi Kou
Jyi Kou is an old woman. This year she is 75. She has two children, one son and one daughter. As the local custom goes, Jyi Kou gave her 16-year-old daughter away in marriage to another family. Her daughter's husband is 8 years older than her. Jyi Kou's son has stayed with his parents. Some years ago, Jyi Kou's husband left her and remarried. So Jyi Kou raises her son by herself. Unfortunately, in grassland fighting, her son lost his right hand, and now nobody wants to marry him. Jyi Kou is now left with the entire burden of milking the yaks, collecting fuel, and all other necessary chores. This village is a semi-nomadic village. Women's work in semi-nomadic villages is very difficult, as they have to tend to both the livestock and the farming work. Jyi Kou, therefore, is extremely busy, but she is still unable to earn much money. Her hard work has not brought her a comfortable life. Before this project brought her a milk churn, she told me that the most difficult and least efficient work she had to do was to churn milk in wooden churns. She always used to wish that there could be someone else there to help her with the churning. Lately, she told me, she hasn't had as much energy to churn milk and make butter as when she was younger. Now that this project has brought her an aluminum milk churn, this problem of hers has been solved. Now she says that maybe she can save some money to cure her son's hand and then find a wife for him. She said she will always pray for the donors and remember their kindness to her. She gave many thanks to the Shambala Connection.

2) Gam Kao
Gam Kao is a young man around 35. His family used to be one of the richest in his completely nomadic village. In 2002, his father was diagnosed with cancer. Gam Kao's family spent a lot of money getting medical treatment for his father, but the treatment didn't work. Now his family is the poorest in the village. They don't have farmland to plant any food, and only have very few livestock. There are nine people in the family, and Gam Kao was unable to send his five children to school. He deeply desired to send his children to school, but his financial limitations stopped him. However, as soon as he received an aluminum milk churn and saw the convenience it brought to his family, he sent two of his children to school right away. With the aluminum milk churn, he now has more time to herd and can thus earn a bit more money than before. In the past, Gam Kao always used to say he let his children down because he couldn't send them to school. He told me he really doesn't want his children to follow in his own lifestyle. The Shambala Connection is the family's saving star. The family will pray for the good luck of the donors every day.

3) Cai Ba
Cai Ba is a 54-year-old woman, and her family is female-headed. She has only one child, a girl. After her husband died she moved to my village, because here her family can at least plant barley to feed themselves. Before the family was totally nomadic. Thus, they find farm work difficult and foreign. The family has some yaks and sheep, but their income is very low. After receiving an aluminum milk churn, Cai Ba and her daughter's heavy work load has been reduced a little. Now Cai Ba can spend a bit of time telling stories to the village children, and her daughter can sell the butter, cheese and yoghurt they make to the townspeople. Thus, they can earn more money than before, and can use that money to buy vegetables and increase their nutrition.

Letter of Appreciation from Wadi Village

Translation

Dear Shambala Connection,

Tashi Delek! Thank you very much to all of the members of the Shambala Connection . Our village is located in a valley, where we lack almost everything. Our lives depend on some livestock that has been inherited from our ancestors. We live a very simple life because all of us are illiterate. Almost all of us have never stepped into the gates of a school. We don't have the means to plant barley or any other plants in the harsh climate of this area. We only have a little income, about 300 RMB per year. Therefore, sending the children to school is out of the question for us. However, the distribution of the aluminum milk churns will increase our income a lot. With the aluminum milk churns, we can now make 420 RMB each month. It has solved a lot of our life problems.

Particularly, girls like Samtsogye have overcome every difficulty in order to bring us this greatest convenience and the donors' generous kindness. Thank you very much and we will pray for you forever!

Best Wishes,
The Ganjia Township Wadi Village Committee and the local people

Letter of Appreciation from Fudi Village  

Translation

Dearest Shambala Connection,

My village is located not far away from Labrang County, but our poor conditions mean we must work harder than all the villages surrounding us. For us, sending our children to school is a great desire. However, because of our poor economic conditions we cannot reach this goal.

The distribution of the aluminum milk churns has helped and supported these poor families not only materially, but also spiritually.

Particularly, we are happy for the donor's kindness, and that Samtsogye has brought us this great convenience. Thank you very much and we will pray for you forever!

Best Wishes,
Fudi Village committee and the local people

Receipt s

#1

  #2

#3

Original Project Proposal:

Project location
The project is located in Fudi Village, in the east of Xiahe County (historically known as Lhabrang), Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province. Xiahe is 278 kilometers from Lanzhou, the provincial capital, and 290 kilometers from Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province.

Population  
There are 45 households and 500 people in Fudi village. About half of Fudi's residents are middle-aged people around 40—60years old; 30 % are young people around 1—39years old; 20 %are old people around 61—93years old. There are 217 men, 183 women and 56 children (1—17) in Fudi. All of the residents of Fudi village are Tibetan.

Cash income
The average family makes 1,500 RMB per year . But they need to spend half of the money to buy some basic needs like salt, onions, and the other half of the money at the end of the year to buy some simple New Year's purchases. At the end of the year, most families have no money left over.

There are 18 single female -headed families and 12 childless elder couples in my village. These single mother families and childless elder couples are poor compared to the two-parent families. These families will directly benefit from the project.

Usually villagers earn money in the following ways:

Most men earn money by carrying sand and stones from the village to the townspeople in mini trucks. Each full truck bed earns them 50rmb. The village men can only carry three full truck beds (150 RMB worth) per day because it is10 km from Fudi to Lhabrang city. This is a good salary, but they cannot do this task everyday because sand and stones are not in very high demand. The village men also sell two or three sheep when a family really needs money to buy some medicine. Usually we don't sell the sheep if we are not in great need of money. One sheep can be sold for around 200rmb. However, the animal trade can only be done for two months of the year, during the fall. During other seasons, the animals are too thin to sell.

Most women sell yak dung. Each bag of yak dung costs 2rmb, and 20bags in a small truck earn 40rmb. Women can also sell milk, and yogurt for 5rmb per 5-liter bottle. Doing this, they can earn about 30 RMB per week. During harvest time, other villages' hire Fudi village women to harvest. They can earn 15rmb with whole day's hard labor. It's hard work.

Agriculture
Most of the Fudi villagers make a living off of both agriculture and herding. Each family has at least 5mu of farmland and at most 10mu. We only grow barley because the high elevation makes it impossible to grow other crops. So, we have to buy all of our vegetables from outside. Every year, the average family can produce 45 kilos of barley. This is not enough for self-consumption, and we must buy additional barley from the outside for the families to eat. We never harvest enough Barley to sell.

The farmlands are located on a hill and have no irrigation. People always hope that the rain comes on time.

Herding
the average family has 150 sheep, 3 cows, and 3 milking yaks. The only income that people make from herding is that which the women make selling milk, cheese, and yogurt. When we have economic problem, we sell a sheep or yak to solve the emergency for example. Someone is injured suddenly.

Education
Most villagers are illiterate. Out of 600 villagers, 50 people have a primary school education, 15people have middle school education, and 7 have a college education. In addition to being illiterate, most villagers cannot speak Chinese. Because of this, they confront so many difficulties in their lives: they cannot do many kinds of trade with others, and they cannot get jobs outside of the village. Currently in Fudi village, out of 56 school-aged children, only 17 are currently attending school.

Taxes
Before 2005, each person in my village had to pay 100rmb plus 10rmb per livestock to the local government. The average family had to pay 2000rmb per year. But after 2005, the government relieved the all taxes. Now we don't need to pay any taxes.

Weather
The weather in Xiahe County is usually cold. In our hometown there is no clear distinction between spring, winter, summer and autumn. Most months are winter. In July the weather is little bit hot, but after that people cannot say goodbye to their sheep skin robes. The cold weather makes it impossible to grow anything other than barley. Therefore, my villagers have to spend a lot of money buying other crops like rapeseed; wheat; and vegetables, including onions.

Project Goals and Benefits :

The overarching goal of the project is to increase Fudi women's income, and reduce their labor, thereby increasing girl's school attendance and women and girl's overall quality of life.
The immediate goal of the project is buy 30 Aluminum milk churns.

Problems
Today, most Fudi village women to use the " Osow" or wooden churn, to make butter. This tool employs a long pole to stir milk in a large wooden barrel (see photo). Using this tool to produce cheese and butter for self-consumption causes several problems for the village women:

Making butter with the Osow

Laborious, time consuming, and inefficient
Using the Osow, it takes two strong young women three hours of churning to produce only 1.5 kilos of butter from 50 liters of milk. In order to roll the butter made with an Osow, they need fresh cold water, which they must carry on their backs from the head river 1km away. It takes about 3 hours to collect the water on foot . From start to finish, it takes 6 hours to make a very small amount of butter, 1.5 kilos. We need 2.5 kilos of butter per week to feed a family of 10. Hence, 50 liters of milk only produces enough butter for about 3 days for one family.

The poor families in my village don't have many female yaks and cows to milk, so they can only collect 1 or 2 liters of milk everyday. They put this milk into the Osow Barrel little by little for one week, until they have collected about 50 liters of milk. They cannot use the Osow to make butter with an amount smaller than 50 liters. In the summer, the weather is hot and the milk often sours before it can be made into butter. This results in butter that is low quality and not fresh. In addition, the wooden barrel of the Osow often leaks, making the entire process even more inefficient.

Difficult to use correctly
Many young people when they stir the milk, they don't know the proper time to open it to get the butter, sometimes they open the osow too early, or too late. When the seal is broken at the wrong time, less butter is produced.

Not useful for older women
Although the older women in the village know how to use the osow well, they do not have enough strength to make butter themselves. The osow is very difficult to stir; two people must stand over it and stir with all of their energy. Only young women have the stamina and physical strength to complete this hard task.

Difficult to transport
The villagers are semi nomadic, and change their pastures twice per year. The wooden barrel of the osow is very difficult to transport. It is heavy, and cumbersome. It weighs about 9 kilos, and is 60 cm tall and width is 40 cm wide. It does not easily fit on the backs of yaks or horses.

Creates a product that isn't marketable
The byproduct of the butter made using the osow is a sour skim milk. This milk can only be used to produce a low quality cheese that is very white and sour. The Han businessmen do not like this cheese and doubt its quality. They often accuse the women of adding wheat flour into cheese because it is very white. As a consequence, they refuse to buy it, and the cheese can only be used for self-consumption.

Difficult to repair
If the wooden barrel of the osow breaks, then it is difficult to repair. Nowadays, wood is very expensive because people are trying to protect the environment. It is now very expensive to make new wooden barrels.

Difficult to store
Sometimes when the barrel is stored in people's summer housing, their tents, Yaks get into the tents and knock over the barrel, spilling and wasting all of the milk that has been collected over several days.

Social stigma for men
In my home area there is a saying that goes," A good man doesn't milk and a good woman doesn't shoot with a pistol". There is a norm that no man should milk no matter what happens. So milking, stirring milk with the Osow, and fetching water are all labeled as women's work and this idea is rooted in everyone's mind. Men never stir milk in the Osow. But for some reason, there is no social stigma for men if they use aluminum milk churns.

Solution
Buy 30 Aluminum milk churns replace the wooden Osow.

Benefits :
The aluminum churns have several benefits:

Labor saving, fast, and efficient

It is very efficient and easy to use the aluminum milk churn. One person can turn 50 liters of milk into 6 kilos of butter in under one hour. This is enough butter for one family of 10 to eat for 12 days.

In addition, you can make butter with the aluminum churn with only 2 liters of milk. This means that families who do not have many cows can make fresh butter on the same day that they milk, and the milk will not go sour in storage.

Easy for all people to use: Lightens women's labor burden
When stirring butter, no matter whether people are old, or young, men or women, anyone can easily use the aluminum churn. Then men and women and children all the people can stir milk in the aluminum churn. Also, there is no social stigma for men who use the aluminum churn, so they can help the women with the task of making butter.

Easy to transport and repair
The aluminum milk Churn only weighs 5 kilos and is easy to carry when nomads change the pastures by seasons. It is also small, only 20 centimeters long and 10 cm wide. In addition, it is easy to repair. We can easily get the parts which are we needed to fix the aluminum churn in the nearby city and from Daji Milk Churn Company . My family and other two of my neighbors have been using one churn since 1989.The churn broke twice, but it was easy to fix. So it is very good equipment for the nomads.

Creates several marketable products and substantially increases the income of local women
If the nomads use the aluminum churns, to make butter, the leftover milk can be drunk or used to make high quality marketable cheese and yogurt. The Han businessmen want to buy the cheese from the aluminum churns and pay a higher price for it. The cheese made from the Osow milk only sells for about 7RMB for per half kilo, (if it sells at all). But the cheese made from the aluminum churns sells for 15RMB per half kilo. In addition, people can make yogurt with the milk, and sell it for 5rmb per 5-liter bottle.

THIS MEANS THAT WITH AN ALUMINUM CHURN, THE LOCAL WOMEN CAN INCREASE THEIR INCOME BY ABOUT 400 RMB PER YEAR.

Beneficiaries
The 30 churns will be used by 30 female headed and elderly households, and around 300 people will directly benefit. In addition, the churns will be shared with neighboring families, and 200 more people will benefit indirectly.

Gender equality
This project increases gender equality in several ways. First of all, it increases women's income by about 400 rmb per year. It also lightens their work burden by removing the social stigma associated with men churning butter using an Osow. Increasing women's income and lightening women's and girls workload will have several benefits. One is that a larger income will increase women's position and power in the community. Another is that girls who already go to school will be have more time to study, and families who do not send their girls to school will be encouraged to do so.

In addition, this project is managed by an educated village woman, and so its successful completion will change villagers' perceptions of women's capabilities.

Steps of the project:

1. Firstly, I met with the local families that ha ve yaks and the cows, but they don't have an aluminum churn, I asked them what they need, and they said that they want the churns a lot.
2. Secondly, the entire village had a meeting where we all chose the 30 poorest families who are single mother headed families and the childless old couple headed families, and the families that have the yaks and cows and many family members, but are very poor. One representative from each family and the village leader said it was a good decision to give the churns to these families .
3. Thirdly, I contacted the Daji Churn Company in Xining, and I Bargained the price and discussed the transportation fee. The quality of their churns is very good. The salesman insured the churns for one year. (If it is breaking within year the company will fix it).
   
   After I receive the funds
4. I will collect the local contribution from each family.
5. I will ask one of the project managers, Zhou te Jia, to accompany me to go to the nearest city ---Xi ning to buy the30 aluminum churns .
6. I will divided the churns between the families
7. I will take photos and do interviews of the recipient families
8. Finally, I will write the final report.

Timeframe
This project will take 15 days to complete

Detailed budget

Detailed local contribution

Total project cost

Sustainability
This project is sustainable because the beneficiaries will pay their own money if the churns break, and the churns are guaranteed for one year after the project is completed.

Additional information
Samtsogye has successfully completed 5 small-scale development projects in Lhabrang County. In 2002, 2003, and 2004, she completed three s econd-hand clothing projects organized by Sue Bishop at the British Consulate in Shanghai. In total, she distributed second-hand clothing to over 200 people. In 2005, she implemented a solar cooker project supported by the Canada fund, bringing 45 solar cookers to the monks of Lhabrang Monastery who did not have any family support or source of food and fuel. Most recently, in March of 2006, a private donor provided support for Samtsogye to distribute 14 solar cookers to the Nuns of Tawa Gongma Nunnery.

Photos:

Wanmagye~50, is sealing the lid of the wooden barrel with
Barley flour before stirring the milk.

This is the wooden barrel, which contains 50 liters of milk.

These two young women are stirring the 50liters of milk. They are Lumatso (~18) and her sister-in-law (~23). They both gave birth only five days ago.

It will leak if the milk stays in it for several days.

Her name is Dromu (~23). She is taking around half a kilo of butter from 50lilters of milk. After stirring the milk and taking the butter, the milk remaining in the barrel is not good.

Drolmatso is 7 years old and she also has her own work to do.
It is to spreading the cheese and protecting the cheese so that the cats or birds do not eat it.

This is the aluminum churn. When we use it we can take it out from the
box under the churn. When we don't use it, we can put it into the box .it is very clean.


This is the biggest Osow barrel, which is very inconvenient to carry to different pastures. If it breaks, then it is not easy to repair. Sometimes it leaks a lot.

This is the butter taken from the aluminum churn. Its color and the quality is so good .